What Is Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition in which the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use insulin effectively — a problem known as insulin resistance. As a result, blood glucose (sugar) levels rise higher than normal, which over time can damage blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition present from childhood, Type 2 typically develops gradually in adults, though it is increasingly being diagnosed in younger people due to lifestyle factors.
Recognising the Symptoms
Type 2 diabetes often develops slowly, and many people have it for years before receiving a diagnosis. Common signs include:
- Increased thirst and frequent urination — excess glucose causes the kidneys to work overtime
- Unexplained fatigue — cells can't access glucose properly for energy
- Blurred vision — high blood sugar affects the lenses of the eyes
- Slow-healing wounds or frequent infections
- Tingling or numbness in hands and feet — early nerve involvement
- Darkened skin patches (acanthosis nigricans) — often in the neck or armpits
Some people experience no noticeable symptoms at all, making regular screening important — especially if you have risk factors.
Key Risk Factors
| Risk Factor | Why It Matters |
|---|---|
| Excess body weight (especially abdominal fat) | Fat tissue increases insulin resistance |
| Physical inactivity | Exercise helps cells use insulin effectively |
| Family history | Strong genetic component |
| Age over 45 | Risk increases with age |
| Pre-diabetes | Elevated but not yet diabetic blood sugar levels |
| History of gestational diabetes | Indicates underlying insulin sensitivity issues |
How Is It Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made through blood tests, most commonly:
- Fasting plasma glucose test — taken after an overnight fast
- HbA1c test — reflects average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) — measures how the body processes a sugar drink over 2 hours
Managing Type 2 Diabetes Effectively
Lifestyle Modifications
For many people — particularly those in early stages — lifestyle changes alone can significantly improve or even reverse blood sugar levels:
- Diet: Focus on whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit refined carbohydrates and sugary drinks.
- Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. Even walking after meals helps.
- Weight management: Losing even 5–10% of body weight can meaningfully improve insulin sensitivity.
- Stress reduction: Chronic stress raises cortisol, which elevates blood sugar.
Medical Treatment
When lifestyle changes aren't sufficient, medications may be prescribed. Metformin is typically the first-line medication, but a range of newer drug classes exist. Insulin therapy may eventually be needed in some cases. Always follow your healthcare provider's guidance on medications and monitoring.
Long-Term Complications to Be Aware Of
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications including cardiovascular disease, kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), and foot problems. Regular check-ups, eye exams, and kidney function tests are essential parts of ongoing management.
With proper care, people with Type 2 diabetes can lead full, healthy lives. Early detection and consistent management are key.